Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster

Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster

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We make sure you're well-informed about aftercare and any necessary steps to maintain your results. They've also introduced a unique follow-up care protocol, providing you with peace of mind after your procedure. Learn more about Cosmetic injections in New Westminster here. Learn more about Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster here It's ideal for those seeking subtle, long-lasting results. Botulinum G toxin Let's help you shine with confidence.
You're not just getting a service; you're benefiting from a collective pool of expertise that's always at the forefront of cosmetic innovation. Every tool and surface is meticulously cleaned and disinfected between appointments, reducing the risk of infection. This means you get personalized treatment plans that fit not just your cosmetic goals but also your lifestyle and budget.
You'll receive advice on aftercare and scheduled follow-ups to monitor your progress, ensuring that the results not only meet but exceed your expectations. It's this combination of accessibility, personalization, and societal acceptance that's fueling the popularity of aesthetic procedures. It's not just about looking younger; it's about feeling in tune with oneself.
During this time, you'll discuss your concerns, desired outcomes, and any questions you might've about the process. Reflecting the surge in cosmetic injection popularity, Manhas Health Co. offers a diverse range of services to meet this growing demand. At the heart of Manhas Health Co., you'll find a team of highly skilled professionals.

Bo-tox

Utilizing micro-cannula techniques for filler injections, you'll experience less bruising and swelling compared to traditional methods. From Botox to dermal fillers, each option is tailored to suit your individual needs and desires. PrabotulinumtoxinA Yet, what truly sets them apart isn't just their services or standards-it's their vision for the future of aesthetic care. You can expect to see visible improvements with fewer sessions, thanks to their commitment to using only the best tools and methods available. You'll find our approach to be uniquely tailored to you.

We're not just about enhancing your appearance; we're dedicated to uplifting your overall sense of self. Manhas Health Co's commitment to advanced techniques also means they're constantly evolving. From the moment you walk in, you're greeted with warmth and professionalism, making you feel comfortable and confident in your choice. People frequently mention how the clinic's welcoming atmosphere and professional staff make them feel at ease, right from their first consultation.

Don't wait any longer to start feeling like the best version of yourself. Then, there's the filler family, including Juvederm and Restylane, perfect for plumping lips, softening nasolabial folds, and rejuvenating under-eye areas. You're likely seeking a provider that not only understands the nuances of aesthetic enhancements but also prioritizes your unique needs and safety. Botulinum toxin D We're here to guide you through each step, ensuring you're comfortable, informed, and excited about the journey towards the best version of yourself.

You mightn't know it, but behind their success lies a commitment to safety, effectiveness, and personalized care that sets them apart in the cosmetic industry. Botulinum toxin type B As we explore the depth of their commitment to excellence and the ways they've transformed patient care, you'll see why their name is synonymous with trust and quality in the cosmetic industry. We know that each individual's needs and goals are unique, and our team takes the time to listen and understand your desires. They've built a reputation on transparency and trust.

Anti-aging injections New Westminster

It is located on the banks of the Fraser River as it turns southwest towards its estuary, on the southwest side of the Burrard Peninsula, and roughly at the centre of the Greater Vancouver region.

Rejuvenation therapy New Westminster

Nearby Tourist Attractions

Como Lake Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Como Lake Park, 700 Gatensbury St, Coquitlam, BC V3J 5G8
Snug urban green space with a lakeside trail, a play structure, sports fields & a picnic area.

West Village Park

Whalley
Tourist attraction, Park
West Village Park, 10357 133 St, Surrey, BC V3T 3Y9


Citations and other links

Facial rejuvenation spa Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster

At Manhas Health Co., you're guaranteed to find the right injection to achieve your beauty aspirations safely and effectively. What sets Manhas Health Co apart isn't just the breadth of their services but the personalized approach they take with each client. You're not alone in seeking a refreshed look without the tell-tale signs of intervention. Their team of experts also specializes in more advanced treatments, including lip enhancements and facial contouring.

Their team of experts employs the most advanced techniques in the industry, ensuring you receive personalized care that's a cut above the rest. You'll find countless reviews praising the personalized care and attention each client receives, making every visit feel exclusive. Moreover, your comfort and satisfaction are their top priorities.

Your initial consultation plays a crucial role in establishing these personalized plans. But what makes their approach truly unparalleled in the realm of cosmetic enhancements? At Manhas Health Co, we're committed to delivering safe, satisfying results that enhance your natural beauty and boost your confidence.

This commitment means you're not just getting a treatment; you're getting a personalized experience optimized with the latest in cosmetic technology. Post-treatment, he found not just fuller lips but a renewed sense of youthfulness that changed his social dynamics completely.

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Our experts are skilled in crafting strategies that not only aim to enhance your natural beauty but also ensure the outcomes are as you envisioned.

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Skin wellness treatments Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster

Skin wellness treatments Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster

You'll notice a significant shift towards treatments that not only address aesthetic concerns but also promote overall skin health. Here, you can select the service you're interested in and choose a time that fits your schedule. Botulinum toxin type E At the heart of their service range, you'll find the ever-popular Botox and dermal fillers, both aimed at smoothing out wrinkles and fine lines to give you a more youthful appearance. Your journey with us is a partnership. Their practitioners aren't just skilled; they're artists who view each procedure as a work of art, aiming to enhance your natural beauty rather than change it.
This enables us to tailor a treatment that aligns perfectly with your needs. Plus, we're committed to ongoing education, so we're always equipped to offer you the newest advancements in cosmetic injections.

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Discover what sets them apart and how booking your consultation could be the first step towards embracing a more confident you. It's not just about enhancing beauty; it's about doing it with the utmost accuracy and safety.
This commitment to innovation also means you're benefitting from the latest research and techniques in the field. Take Sarah, for example, who battled with deep frown lines that made her appear constantly worried. Nuceiva Read more about Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster here You're not just another appointment in their schedule; you're a unique individual with specific aesthetic goals. Moreover, the team's approach is rooted in a deep understanding of facial anatomy and aesthetics, which is crucial for achieving natural-looking results.
They've implemented a rigorous training program for their practitioners, ensuring that each one not only understands the anatomy involved but also the latest techniques for safe, effective injections. We're committed to delivering results that look natural, feel great, and boost your confidence. Cosmetic injections, such as Botox and fillers, offer a non-invasive solution to aging concerns. We only source our injectables from reputable manufacturers, ensuring they're safe and of the highest quality.

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Moreover, these treatments are customizable. The team at Manhas Health Co understands this, ensuring they tailor every treatment plan to match your desires and skin's specific needs. Imagine walking into a clinic where the air is tinged with a sense of innovation and trust, a place where Manhas Health Co. has redefined the landscape of cosmetic injections in Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster. After a few sessions, those lines softened, and so did her self-perception.

That's why they offer a range of skin rejuvenation treatments, from chemical peels to microneedling, aimed at revitalizing your skin and giving it that sought-after glow. You'll find that our practitioners aren't just skilled; they're passionate about what they do. You'll discover a range of cutting-edge options tailored to meet your unique needs, ensuring your results aren't just noticeable but truly transformative.

This trend has trickled down to the public, where the desire to refresh and rejuvenate one's appearance has become increasingly mainstream. Clinics like Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster's Manhas Health Co. are at the forefront, catering to this rising demand. Jeuveau They're not just offering treatments; they're providing personalized experiences that align with individual aesthetic goals.

They're not just about smoothing out wrinkles; they're about boosting your confidence and ensuring you feel as good as you look. Trust is paramount in cosmetic medicine, and at Manhas Health Co., we're proud to have earned the confidence of countless clients. Building on our unmatched expertise in aesthetics, Manhas Health Co. offers a comprehensive range of cosmetic injection treatments designed to meet your every need.

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Juvederm lip injections Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster
Juvederm lip injections Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster

While many seek cosmetic injections for aesthetic improvements, it's also worth noting they can significantly boost self-esteem and confidence. Moreover, they're pioneering the use of cutting-edge technology and materials, ensuring you're getting the safest, most advanced treatments available. This means you're getting top-notch service with cutting-edge techniques that minimize discomfort and maximize results. Our team is comprised of licensed professionals who've undergone extensive training in the latest cosmetic injection techniques. They understand that everyone's skin and cosmetic goals differ, which is why they've adopted a personalized care approach.

Instead, we're committed to working closely with you to design a treatment strategy that aligns perfectly with your vision of beauty and wellness. Manhas Health Co ensures that you're comfortable and confident with your treatment plan. But it's not all about the face. So, whether you're a first-timer or a seasoned veteran in the world of cosmetic injections, Manhas Health Co. is the go-to clinic in Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster for all your aesthetic needs.

With an eye on innovation, they're integrating advanced diagnostic tools and treatment methods that ensure precise, personalized treatments.

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But before you consider booking your consultation, there's much more to uncover about the careful balance they maintain between art and science, a balance that ensures you walk away looking like the best version of yourself. These services are designed to provide subtle yet impactful results, ensuring you maintain a natural appearance. This ensures that the procedure you choose is the best fit for you, both in terms of results and safety.

This collaborative effort ensures that expectations aren't only met but often exceeded. You'll find that their commitment to patient safety isn't just talk; it's deeply integrated into every aspect of their service. Type C1 botulinum toxin You're probably aware of the surge in popularity these treatments have gained, but may not know about the risks that come without proper safety measures. Understanding that each client has unique aesthetic goals, we create customized treatment plans tailored just for you.

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This way, we can tailor treatments specifically for you, ensuring you're not just satisfied but thrilled with the results. They've mastered the art of tailoring their cosmetic solutions to fit your unique needs, ensuring that the results are as individual as your fingerprint. This means you're always getting access to the forefront of aesthetic treatments. Moreover, advancements in technology have made cosmetic injections more accessible and less intimidating. We're not just any team; each member brings a wealth of experience and a keen eye for detail, setting us apart in Anti-wrinkle treatments New Westminster.

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We understand the intricacies of facial anatomy and the subtle art of enhancing beauty without compromising natural expression. At Manhas Health Co., your satisfaction is our priority. Manhas Health Co. isn't just changing faces; it's changing the future of cosmetic care. These stories aren't anomalies.

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From 3D imaging systems that allow for a detailed analysis of your skin's needs to the latest in injection techniques, they're ensuring that every aspect of your care is underpinned by the highest standards of scientific research and clinical evidence. What sets Manhas Health Co apart is their commitment to innovation. For instance, Manhas Health Co. uses state-of-the-art imaging systems to analyze your skin's condition in real-time, allowing for treatments that are precisely tailored to your needs. Dysport A BOTOX They ensure that each treatment plan is tailored to meet your unique needs and goals, guaranteeing results that not only look natural but also feel right for you.
Understanding your unique beauty needs, we offer tailored cosmetic solutions designed specifically for you. From micro-needling with PRP to boost your skin's natural healing, to the latest in laser technology that targets your concerns with unparalleled precision, you're in for a transformative experience. Their commitment to leveraging the latest technology while upholding the highest safety and excellence standards is reshaping perceptions and experiences of cosmetic care. We understand that everyone's skin and aesthetic aspirations are different, which is why we don't believe in a one-size-fits-all approach.

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Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

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Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

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Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

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Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

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Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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